All you need to know about Blind Cricket

Blind cricket is a version of the sport of cricket adapted for blind and partially sighted players. It has been governed by the World Blind Cricket Council (WBCC) since 1996. So far, four Blind World Cups have been held, New Delhi, India (1998); Chennai, India (2002) and Islamabad, Pakistan (2006). In 2012, the first Blind World Cup T20 was held in Bangalore, India. Blind cricket relies on common use of the 'sweep shot', in order to provide maximum chance of the bat hitting the ball.Recently India won the blind T20 World Cup in 2017 by beating pakistan by 9 wickets.

History:-

Blind cricket was invented in Melbourne in 1922 by two blind factory workers who improvised the game using a tin can containing rocks. The Victorian Blind Cricket Association was founded shortly after, in 1922, and the first sports ground and clubhouse for blind cricket was built at Kooyong, Melbourne in 1928.

World’s first Test Cricket match for the Blind was played between Pakistan and South Africa in which Pakistan defeated South Africa by 94 runs.

South Africa won first BCWC in 1998 defeating Pakistan in the finals, while Pakistan consecutively won next two BCWC defeating South Africa and India in the finals in 2002 and 2006. In 2014 championship was won by India defeating the two time winner Pakistan.

Rules to play:-

World Blind Cricket Council International playing rules

WBCC International playing rules are classified in 25 classes. Each class has single or multiple clauses, the copy of original document can be found 

The rules of blind cricket are based on the standard Laws of cricket with some essential modifications.

In terms of playing equipment, the major adaptation is the ball, which is significantly larger than a standard cricket ball and filled with ball bearings. The size allows partially sighted players to see the ball and the contents allow blind players to hear it. The wicket (stumps) is also larger, to allow partially sighted players to see and blind players to touch it in order to correctly orient themselves when batting or bowling.

Various other modifications to the rules apply. Verbal signals are widely used both by umpires and players: in particular, the bowler must shout 'Play!' as he releases the ball. The delivery is required to pitch at least twice when bowled to a completely blind batsman (once when bowled to a partially sighted batsman), but must not be rolling. Totally blind batsmen cannot be out stumped, and must be found to be LBW twice before going out. Totally blind fielders are allowed to take a catch on the bounce.

Segregation of Players

• There are a total number of 11 players in the two teams playing the match.
• Each team has four players who are totally blind, categorised under B1. Three players, partially blind, categorized under B2 and four players, partially sighted, categorized under B3.

Ball (Auditory Ball) The ball used is significantly larger than the regular cricket ball and is filled with ball bearings that provide audible cues.

Stumps The stumps used are also much larger than regular cricket stumps. It made up of hollow metal pipes, it should have three tubular stumps that is either fluorescent orange or yellow and many more.

India[edit]

Samarthanam Trust for the Disabled & Cricket Association for the Blind in India (CABI organizes state, zonal, national and international level cricket tournaments for the blind. The state level cricket tournaments are organized to select the best state team to participate in their respective zones (north, east, west and south). Zonal matches are held by Samarthanam and CABI by identifying local partners, including private and government bodies which affiliate with the organizers, lending their support to the tournament. The winners of the zonal matches play league matches to qualify for the finals.

IISc ranked India’s top university in first NIRF Survey

The Indian Institute of Sciences (IISc), Bangaluru was adjudged as the best Indian university in the first National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF). NIRF Survey was the first of its kind of indigenous ranking framework for higher education institutions in the country. It was launched by the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development in  September 2015. It outlines a methodology to rank institutions across the country based on the parameters broadly covering Teaching, Learning and Resources, Research and Professional practices, Graduation Outcomes, Outreach and inclusivity and Perception. The NIRF ranking covers six categories of institutions including universities, engineering, management, pharmacy, architecture and colleges. 

Top 5 universities

• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (Score: 91.81) 
• Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai (87.58) 
• Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi (86.45) 
• University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad (85.45) 
• Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam (84.31) 

Top 5 management institutes

•  Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore (Score: 93.04)
•  Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (89.1) 
• Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta (87.45)
•  Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow (86.12)
•  Indian Institute of Management, Udaipur (84.22)

 Top 5 engineering institutes

•  Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (Score: 89.41)
•  Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (87.66)
•  Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (83.91) 
• Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (82.02) 
• Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (81.07) 

Top 5 Pharmacy Institutions 

• Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
•  Manipal University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
•  Chandigarh Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
•  Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune
•  Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

All you need to know about Panama Papers

The Panama Papers leak is considered to be the largest among all the leaks that took place in the Journalism world.

About Süddeutsche Zeitung

Headquartered in Munich, Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ) is one of Germany’s leading newspapers. SZ has a total readership of 4.4 million for its print and online media. Its investigative journalism team counts five people, three of which are members of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The Süddeutsche Zeitunghas won a number of prestigious awards for its research work. Its team has cooperated with other media organizations on a number of projects, including Offshore Leaks, Swiss Leaks, and Lux Leaks, which ICIJ coordinated. At the beginning of 2015, an anonymous source began sending the Süddeutsche Zeitung data from Mossack Fonseca, a provider of offshore companies. This marked the beginning of the Panama Papers project.

Over a year ago, an anonymous source contacted the Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ) and submitted encrypted internal documents from Mossack Fonseca, a Panamanian law firm that sells anonymous offshore companies around the world. These shell companies enable their owners to cover up their business dealings, no matter how shady.

In the months that followed, the number of documents continued to grow far beyond the original leak. Ultimately, SZ acquired about 2.6 terabytes of data, making the leak the biggest that journalists had ever worked with. The source wanted neither financial compensation nor anything else in return, apart from a few security measures.

The data provides rare insights into a world that can only exist in the shadows. It proves how a global industry led by major banks, legal firms, and asset management companies secretly manages the estates of the world’s rich and famous: from politicians, Fifa officials, fraudsters and drug smugglers, to celebrities and professional athletes.

Panama Papers have leaked the significant documents about Mossack Fonseca firm in Panama which has helped investors around the world to evade tax, launder money, among others.

According to a report in the Indian Express, 500 Indians are on the list, including actor Amitabh Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, real-estate developer DLF's KP Singh, to politican Anurag Kejriwal.

What is Mossack Fonseca?

It's a Panamanian law firm that sells anonymous offshore companies around the world. These shell companies allow their promoters to hide their business dealings. Mossack Fonseca has dozens of offices all over the world. It has founded, sold and managed thousands of companies.

The company sells its shell companies in cities such as Zurich, London, and Hong Kong, among others.

Whoever wants to buy an anonymous company can buy it through Mossack Fonseca for as little as $1,000 (nearly Rs 66,290). For an extra fee, it also provides a sham (fake) director and if the clients' desire it conceals the company's true shareholder. In short, the company is into the business of withholding the true identity of the offshore company's owner.

How the leak took place?

An anonymous source contacted a German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ) over a year ago period and submitted encrypted internal documents from Mossack Fonseca. In the following months, the newspaper found that the number of documents continued to grow far beyond the original leak and therefore, it acquired 2.6 terabytes of data, making the leak the biggest that journalists had ever worked on.

Any demands from source?

The source who leaked this information neither wanted any financial compensation nor anything else in return, apart from a few security measures.

What's the data all about?

It reveals information on how an overseas industry led by major banks, legal firms, and asset management companies secretly manages the assets of the world's rich and famous personalities from politicians, FIFA officials, fraudsters, drug smugglers, to celebrities and professional athletes.

It provided a clear picture of how Mossack Fonseca routinely accepts investments from world's rich and famous to engage in business activities that potentially violate sanctions, besides helping and abetting tax evasion and money laundering.

How big is the data leak and what does it comprise of?

It includes approximately 11.5 million documents which are higher than the combined total of the Wikileaks Cablegate, Offshore Leaks, Lux Leaks, Swiss Leaks.

It mainly comprises of emails, pdf files, photo files, and excerpts of an internal Mossack Fonseca database. The data covers a period right from the 1970s to 2016.

What's the scale of the leak?

The Panama Papers leak comprises of approximate 2.6 terabytes (TB) of data which is highest of all the leaks that have taken place in last few years.

In 2015, the Swiss Leaks/International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) had 3.3 gigabytes (GB) volume of data while the Luxemberg Leaks/ICIJ in 2014 had 4 GB.

In 2013, the Offshore Leaks/ICIJ had 260 GB of data.

In 2010, the Cablegate/ Wikileaks has 1.7 GB of data

A group effort

The Süddeutsche Zeitung decided to analyze the data in cooperation with theInternational Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). ICIJ had already coordinated the research for past projects that SZ was also involved in, among them Offshore Leaks, Lux Leaks, and Swiss Leaks. Panama Papers is the biggest-ever international cooperation of its kind. In the past 12 months, around 400 journalists from more than 100 media organizations in over 80 countries have taken part in researching the documents. These have included teams from the Guardian and the BBC in England, Le Monde in France, and La Nación in Argentina. In Germany, SZ journalists have cooperated with their colleagues from two public broadcasters, NDR and WDR. Journalists from the Swiss Sonntagszeitung and the Austrian weekly Falter have also worked on the project, as have their colleagues at ORF, Austria’s national public broadcaster. The international team initially met in Washington, Munich, Lillehammer and London to map out the research approach.

What is Valentine's Day ? Why do we celebrate it ?

Valentine's Day 14 February

What is Valentine's Day? St Valentine's Day is an annual festival to celebrate romantic love, friendship and admiration. Every year on 14 February people celebrate this day by sending messages of love and affection to partners, family and friends. Couples send Valentine's Day cards and flowers and spend special time together to honour their love for each other.

The Early History of Valentine's Day

Valentine's Day is named after Saint Valentine, a Catholic priest who lived in Rome in the 3rd Century. There are many stories about St Valentine and over time these stories grew into the legend we know today.

At the time of Valentine's life, many Romans were converting to Christianity, but the Emperor Claudius II was a pagan and created strict laws about what Christians were allowed to do. Claudius believed that Roman soldiers should be completely devoted to Rome and therefore passed a law preventing them from marrying. St Valentine began to marry these soldiers in secret Christian ceremonies and this was the beginning of his reputation for believing in the importance of love.

Eventually Valentine was found out and jailed for his crimes against Claudius. While imprisoned, Valentine cared for his fellow prisoners and also his jailor's blind daughter. Legend has it that Valentine cured the girl's blindness and that his final act before being executed was to write her a love message signed ‘from your Valentine'. Valentine was executed on 14 February in the year 270.

How did Valentine's Day develop?

It wasn't until more than 200 years later that 14 February was proclaimed St Valentine's Day. By this time Rome had become Christian and the Catholic Church was determined to stamp out any remaining paganism. A pagan fertility ritual was held in February each year and the Pope abolished this festival and proclaimed 14 February Saint Valentine's Day, thus establishing this feast day on the Catholic Calendar of Saints.

The poet Chaucer in the Middle Ages was the first to link St Valentine with romantic love. This was the beginning of the tradition of courtly love, a ritual of expressing love and admiration, usually in secret. This custom spread throughout Europe and stories grew about a High Court of Love where female judges would rule on issues related to love on 14 February each year. Historians believe that these meetings were in fact gatherings where people read love poetry and played games of flirtation.

Valentine's Day Symbols

The practice of sending love messages developed into people sending special cards expressing their affection. These cards were beautiful creations handmade by the sender and individually designed to show how much they loved the recipient. Cards would usually contain sentimental verse, proclaiming the beauty of the receiver and how much they were loved.

Saint Valentine's Day cards were decorated with pictures of cupid, hearts and flowers and trimmed with lace and ribbon. These images are still used today to symbolise love and are recognised all over the world.

What is Valentine's Day in Contemporary Times?

While Valentine's Day is celebrated in most countries, different cultures have developed their own traditions for this festival. In some parts of the world Valentine's Day is observed as a day for expressing love between family members and friends, rather than that of romantic couples. Some traditions include leaving lollies and gifts for children and others include acts of appreciation between friends.

Valentine's Day is most commonly associated with romantic love, with millions of Valentine's Day cards being exchanged each year. Gifts of flowers or a single red rose are sent with romantic messages to loved ones and couples spend special time together. Valentine's Day gift hampers are also a popular gift and typically include flowers, champagne and chocolates.

Many couples choose to celebrate Valentine's Day with dinner, a picnic or special home-cooked meal. Many restaurants offer Valentine's Day dinner promotions and food is often presented with symbols of love like hearts and flowers. Another popular Valentine's Day activity is to indulge in a luxury hotel stay in a beautiful location, allowing a couple to get away from it all and enjoy some quality time together. Marriage proposals are also popular on Valentine's Day, and it is often chosen as the perfect day to express their love and commitment. Some marriage proposals are delivered very creatively, such as after climbing to the top of a mountain, or posting a message on a billboard. Whatever the method, marriage proposals made on Valentine's Day are generally romantic and memorable.

Spoil your loved one at work or home with a Roses Only Valentine's Day romantic arrangement of flowers or a gourmet gift hamper.

A Valentine's Day gift hamper is the ultimate gift, with flowers, champagne and chocolates to delight your love.

History Of Medaram Sammakka Sarakka Jatara

Sammakka Saralamma Jatara or Medaram Jatara is a tribal festival of honouring the goddesses celebrated in the state of Telangana, India.The Jatra begins at Medaram in Tadvai Mandal in Warangal district. It commemorates the fight of a mother and daughter, Sammakka and Saralamma, with the reigning rulers against an unjust law. It is believed that after Kumbha Mela, the Medaram jatara attracts the largest number of devotees in the country. An estimated 10 million people gathered in 2012

It is celebrated in Medaram during the time the goddesses of the tribals is believed to visit them. Medaram is a remote place in the Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary, a part of Dandakaranya, the largest surviving forest belt in the Deccan.

Ritual:-

Sammakka Sarakka Jatara is the time for the largest tribal religious congregation in the world, held every two years (biennually), with approximately ten million people converging on the place, over a period of four days, which is 90 km from Warangal city. The Sammakka Sarakka Jatra is a State Festival of Govt. of Telangana. Many tribal Devotees from different states of India (M.P, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Karnataka and parts of Jharkhand)reach to the festive place to celebrate the Jatara.

People offer bangaram/gold (jaggeryto their weight to the goddesses and take holy bath in Jampanna Vagu (stream).It is a festival with no vedic or brahmanic influence.

Until 1998, the only way to reach Medaram was by a bullock cart. In 1998 the state government declared the 1000-yr old festival as official and laid down a motorable road.

In 2008, nearly 8 million people were estimated to have attended the festival.And in recent times the gatherings in the jatara are roughly near 10 million. This fair is said to be the largest repeating congregation of tribal communities in the world. The traffic jam during the festival sometimes goes as far as 60 km on the Warangal highway.

In 2012, approximately 1 crore people would attend the world's largest tribal festival.

Jampanna Vaagu:-

Jampanna vagu is a tributary to River Godavari. According to the history, Jampanna is the tribal warrior and the son of Tribal Goddess Sammakka. The Jampanna vagu took his name as he died in a battle fighting against Kakatiyan Army in that stream .The Jampanna vagu is still red in colour marked with the blood of Jampanna (Scientifically the red colour of the water is attributed to the soil composition). Tribal's believe that taking a holy dip in the red water of Jampanna Vagu reminds them the sacrifice of their gods who save them and also induces courage into their souls.

There is a bridge constructed on top of Jampanna Vagu, known as Jampanna Vagu bridge.

Origin of Jatara (History,Mythology):-

There are many legends about the miraculous powers of sammakka .According to a tribal story, about 6-7 centuries ago,that is in the 13th century, some tribal leaders who went for a hunting found a new born girl (Sammakka) emitting enormous light playing amidst tigers. She was taken to their habitation . The head of the tribe adopted her and brought up as a chief tain (She later became the saviour of the tribals of the region) she was married to Pagididda Raju a feudatory tribal chief of Kakatiyas(who ruled the country of Andhra from Warangal City between 1000 AD and 1380 AD).She was blessed with 2 daughters and one son namely Sarakka, Nagulamma and Jampanna respectively.

After sometime, there was a severe drought that lasted for years and as a result the mighty Godavari River dried up.pagedde Raju didn't pay tribute to King Pratapa Rudra. In turn king Pratapa rudra sent his army to subdue the tribals and collect the tribute. Then a War was fought between tribal chief pagidde Raju and Kakatiya army on the banks of "Sampenga Vagu" (Jampanna Vagu). The Koya army fought valiantly but could not with stand the well equipped Kakatiya army. Though fought valiantly Pagididda Raju, his daughters Sarakka, Nagulamma, son in law Govinda Raju lost (husband of Sarakka) lives in the battle. Later Jampanna also dies in Sampenga Vagu (after renamed as Jampanna Vagu in the memory of his heroic fight against well trained Kakatiya army). .

Upon hearing this news Sammakka also enters war and fights and causes lot of damage to kakatiya army. Surprised by her Bravery And Valour the Kakatiya Prime Minister visited war ravaged Koya kingdom with proposal of peace and offered Sammakka a place in the emperor’s harem as the chief queen. Samakka turned down the offer and resolved to continue the fight to avenge the dead.  The battle continued and Sammakka was seriously wounded . Samakka told her people that as long as they remembered her, she would protect them.Then, she cursed the Kaktiya dynasty to perish  And with that wounded body proceeded towards Chilakala gutta and disappeared  in the forest.  The grieving Koyas searched for their queen all they found were a red ochre box(a container of vermilion), her  bangles … and the pug marks of a huge full grown tigress, exactly the same place where she was found as a infant by the koyas. The Kakatiya dynasty came to an end very soon. Since then the Koyas, Waddaras and other Indian tribes and castes have been holding festivals in memory of Sammakka and Sarakka regularly .

Historical significance of the place Dandakaranya :-

This is the place whereLord Sri Rama along with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana made their abode for a while during  their  14-year exile in the forest.  It is here that Lakshmana cut off the ears and nose of Surpanakha, sister of Emperor Ravana of Sri Lanka.It is here that  Rama killed maricha and destroyed 14-thousand strong infantry of Khara, Dushana and Trisira. History behind the Dandakaranya forest: Ikshvaku was the ruler of the kingdom that extended from Vindhya Mountains to Himalaya Mountains. He had hundred sons, among them Danda (danDa) on whose name this uninhabitable forest was called as dandakaranya. (Uttara Ramayana).  Telangana State falls into dandakaranya area.

Medaram Jatara 2016:-

The upcoming Jathara is being organized during 17-20 Feb 2016 and all the arrangements are being underway to welcome the estimated 20 million visitors. People from Telangana, AP, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, MP, Maharastra, Karnataka etc. participate in the event.

Medaram Jatara has become the largest human congregation at a single place. People from all walks of life participate in the festival, viz., rural and urban, tribal and nontribal, educated and uneducated, women and men, children and elders etc. Though it’s called as tribal festival, more than 80% of the visitors are non tribal.

The upcoming Jathara is the first one after the formation of Telangana state and it takes greater significance with special attention by the government. Huge ground with a radius of 10 km is prepared to accommodate the visitors with all the basic arrangements to facilitate the Jathara. Facilities like roads, water, sanitation, health and hygiene are being provided by the government by spending several hundreds of crores (INR). The total expenditure exceeds Rs.250 crores by the government for the Jathara.

The Jathara is being advertised through large scale publicity by the government and its various departments like Telangana Tourism and others. The regional broadcasters telecast several news and features about the Jathara, prior to the commencement of it. During the JAthara period, most of the broadcasters beam live telecasting that spans long durations.

The Jathara venue is situated at 250 km from Hyderabad and about 100 km from Warangal. The State Transport Corporation is deploying 4000 buses for plying the visitors, with a total capacity to carry four million passengers. More than one lakh private vehicles are expected to render their services for the Jathara.

Capitals,Governers and Chief Ministers of all states in India (2016)

Capitals,Governers and Chief Ministers of all states in India

State	Capital	Governor	Chief Minister
Andhra pradesh	hyderabad	E.S.L.Narasimhan	N.chandrababu Naidu
Arunachal pradesh	Itanagar	JP Rajkhowa	Nabam Tuki
Assam	Dispur	Padmanabha Acharya	tarun Gogoi
Bihar	Patna	Ram Nath Kovind	Nitish kumar
Chattisgarh	Raipur	Balramji Das Tandon	Raman Singh
Goa	panaji	Mridula Sinha	Laxmikant Parsekhar
Gujarath	Gandhi nagar	O.P.Kohli	Anandiben Patel
Haryana	Chandigarth	Kaptan Singh Solanki	Manohar lai Khattar
Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	Acharya Dev Virat	Virbhadra Singh
Jamm&Kashmir	Srinagr	N.N.Vohra	Mehbooba Mufti
Jharkand	Ranchi	Draupadi Murmu	Raghuvar Das
Karnataka	Bengluru	Vajubhai Vala	K.Siddaramaiah
Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	P.Sadashivam	Ommen Chandy
Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Ram Naresh Yadav	Shivraj Singh Chauhan
Maharashtra	Mumbai	C.Vidyasagar Rao	devendra Fadnavis
Manipur	Imphal	V.Shanmuganathan	okram ibobi singh
Meghalaya	Shillong	V.Shanmuganathan	Mukul Sangma
Mizoram	Aizwal	l.Nirbhey Sharma	Lalthanhawla
Nagaland	Kohima	Padmanabha Acharya	T.R.Jailiyang
Odisha	Bhubaneshwar	S.C.Zamir	Navin Patnaayak
Punjab	Chandigarh	Kaptan singh solanki	Prakash Singh Badal
Rajasthan	Jaipu	Kalyan Singh	Vasundhara Raja
Sikkim	Gangtok	Shrinivas Patil	P.K.Chamling
Tamil Nadu	Chennai	K.Rosaiah	Jayalalithaa
telangaana	Hyderabad	E.S.L.Narasimhan	K.Chandrashekhar Rao
Tripura	Agartala	Tathagata Roy	Manik Sarkar
Uttarakhand	Dehradun	K.K.Paul	Harish Rawat
Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Ram Naik	Akhilesh Yadav
West Bengal	Kolkata	Keshri Nath Tripathi	mamata Banerjee

Charles Perrault ! Father of fairy tales (1628-1703)

• If you’ve ever read a story that begins with “Once upon a time…” then there’s a good chance you’ve come across the work of  Charles Perrault whose 388th birthday

• Charles Perrault born on 12 January 1628 into a wealthy family in paris the seventh child of Pierre Perrault and Paquette Le Clerc, studied law and enjoyed a successful career as a civil servant.

• He was a French author and member of the French academy in 1671. He laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale, with his works derived from pre-existing folk tales.

• He married Marie Guichon, age 19, in 1672; she died in 1678.

• In 1695, when he was 67, Perrault lost his post as secretary. He decided to dedicate himself to his children.

•  In 1697 he published Tales and Stories of the Past with Morals,subtitled Tales of Mother Goose. He borrowed several elements from stories that were already widely narrated, but provided what were then modern twists to the narrative. Moreover, the act of presenting them in written form was itself an unprecedented move at the time, and made him a true pioneer of storytelling.

• These tales, based on French popular tradition, were very popular in sophisticated court circles. Its publication made him suddenly very widely known and he is often credited as the founder of the modern fairy tale genre

• He had actually published his collection under the name of his last son (born in 1678), Pierre (Perrault) Darmancourt

• Charles Perrault died in Paris in 1703 at the age of 75. On 12 January 2016

Different ages in World History

1. Ice Age:- period begining from 10,00,000 years ago in which a series of ice caps covered most of the northern parts of the earth.
2. STONE Age:- period, in which men used tools and weapons made of stone. it began about 1,00,000 years ago
3. BRONZE Age:- period , when people used bronze tools; period from 3000 to 1000 B.C.
4. IRON Age:- period, when people first used iron tools and weapons. it began at about 1200 B.C and lasted for 1000 years.
5. AUGUSTINE Age:- It refers to the reign of the Emperor Augustus; 27 BC to 14 BC in Latin History.
6. DARK Age:- period , from the fall of Rome in 476 AD till 1000 AD.
7. MIDDLE Age:- Period , between ancient times and the modern period often given as between the fall of roman Empire in the 5th century and the Renaissance in 15th century.
8. ELIZABETHAN Age:- Period of the feudal system in europe from 700 to 1400 AD.
9. MACHINE Age:- Name given to the period of industrialisation in Britain , began in 1750.
10. AGE OF REASON:- The 18th century, when philosophy was gaining ground in Europe.
11. VICTORIAN Age:- Period when Queen Victoria regined, i.e., 1837-1901. it was an age of technological progress and public morality.
12. ATOMIC Age:- Period since the explosion of the first atom bomb at Alomogordo, New Mexico on July 16, 1945

Important Space Missions Of World (1931-2014)

Date

Mission Achievements

Country/ Organization

Mission Name

• 1931-First German military liquid-fuelled rocket engines developed-Germany-Walter Riedel

• 10 May 1946-First space research flight (cosmic radiation experiments)-United States-captured and improved V-2rocket

• 20 February 1947-First animals in space (fruit flies)-United States-V-2

• 21 August 1957-First intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)-USSR-R-7 Semyorka/SS-6 Sapwood

• 4 October 1957-First artificial satellite,First signals from space-USSR-Sputnik 1

• 3 November 1957-First animal in orbit, the dog Laika-USSR-Sputnik 2

• 2 January 1959-First firing of a rocket in Earth orbit,First reaching Earth escape velocity or Trans,Lunar Injection,First detection of solar wind-USSR-Luna 1

• 7 August 1959-First photograph of Earth from orbit-USA (NASA)-Explorer 6

• 13 September 1959-First impact into another world (the Moon),First delivery of national (USSR),pennants to a celestial body-USSR-Luna 2

• 4 October 1959-First photos of far side of the Moon-USSR-Luna 3

• 19 August 1960-First plants and animals to return alive from Earth orbit-USSR-Sputnik 5

• 31 January 1961-First Hominidae in space, first tasks performed in space; Ham (chimpanzee).-USA (NASA)-M-R 2

• 12 April 1961-First human spaceflight–(Yuri Gagarin),First human-crewed orbital flight-USSR-Vostok 1

• 16 June 1963-First woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova)-USSR-Vostok 6

• 19 July 1963-First reusable crewed spacecraft (suborbital)-USA (NASA)-X-15 Flight 90

• 3 February 1966-First soft landing on another world (the Moon),First photos from another world-USSR-Luna 9

• 1 March 1966-First impact into another planet (Venus)-USSR-Venera 3

• 3 April 1966-First artificial satellite around another world (the Moon)-USSR-Luna 10

• 2 June 1966-Soft landingon the Moon, photos from the Moon-USA (NASA)-Surveyor 1

• 21 July 1969-First human on the Moon and first space launch from a celestial body-USA (NASA)-Apollo 11

• 23 November 1970-First lunar rover-USSR-Lunokhod 1

• 12 December 1970-First X-ray orbital observatory-USA (NASA)-Uhuru(satellite)

• 15 December 1970-First soft landing on another planet (Venus),First signals from another planet-USSR-Venera 7

• 23 April 1971-First space station-USSR-Salyut 1

• June, 1971-First Manned orbital observatory-USSR-Orion 1

• 14 November 1971-First to maintain orbit around another planet (Mars)-USA (NASA)-Mariner

• 9-27 November 1971First impact into Mars-USSR-Mars 2

• 2 December 1971-First soft Mars landing,First signals from Mars surfaceUSSRMars 3

• 3 March 1972-First human made object sent on escape trajectory away from the Sun-USA (NASA)-Pioneer 10

• 15 July 1972-First mission to enter the asteroid belt and leave inner Solar System-USA (NASA)-Pioneer 10

• 15 November 1972-First orbital gamma ray observatory-USA (NASA)-SAS 2

• 15 July 1975-First multinational manned mission-USSR-USA (NASA)Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

• 20 July 1976-First photos and soil samples from the surface of Mars-USA (NASA)-Viking Lander

• 12 April 1981-First Reusable manned spacecraft (orbital)-USA (NASA)-STS-1

• 1 March 1982-First Venus soil samples & sound recording of another world-USSR-Venera 13

• 25 January 1983-First Infrared orbital observatory,USA (NASA),UK (SERC),Netherlands(NIVR)-IRAS

• 13 June 1983-First spacecraft beyond the orbit of Neptune (first spacecraft to pass beyond all Solar System planets)-USA (NASA)-Pioneer 10

• 7 February 1984-First untethered spacewalk, Bruce McCandless II-USA (NASA)-STS-41-B

• 24 January 1986-First Uranus flyby (closest approach 81,500 kilometres)-USA (NASA)-Voyager 2

• 19 February 1986-First consistently inhabited long-term researchspace station-USSR-Mir

• 25 August 1989-First Neptune flyby (closest approach at 29,240 km)-USA (NASA)-Voyager 2

• 18 November 1989-First orbital cosmic microwave observatory-USA (NASA)-COBE

• 14 February 1990-First photograph of the whole Solar System-USA (NASA)-Voyager 1

• 24 April 1990-Optical orbital observatory-USA (NASA)-ESA-Hubble Space Telescope

• 22 March 1995-Record longest duration spaceflight (437.7 days) set by Valeri Polyakov-Russia (FKA)-Mir

• 7 December 1995-First orbit of Jupiter-USA (NASA)-Galileo

• 7 December 1995-First mission into the atmosphere of a gas giant (Jupiter)-USA (NASA)-Galileo's atmospheric entry probe

• 12 February 1997-First orbital radio observatory-Japan (ISAS)-HALCA

• 4 July 1997-First operational rover on another planet (Mars)-USA (NASA)-Mars Pathfinder

• 20 November 1998-First multinational space station,Largest man-made object built in space to date-Russia(FKA)-USA (NASA),Europe (ESA),Japan (JAXA),Canada (CSA)-International Space Station

• 14 February 2000-First orbiting of an asteroid (433 Eros)-USA (NASA)-ESA-NEAR Shoemaker

• 12 February 2001-First landing on an asteroid (433 Eros)-USA (NASA)-NEAR Shoemaker

• 1 July 2004-First orbit of Saturn-USA (NASA)ESA-Italy (ASI)-Cassini–Huygens

• 19 November 2005-First asteroid ascent (25143 Itokawa).First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cut-off.-Japan (JAXA)-Hayabusa

• 15 January 2006-First sample return from comet (81P/Wild)-USA (NASA)-Stardust

• 6 March 2009-Kepler Mission is launched, first space telescope designated to search for Earth-like exoplanets-USA (NASA)-Kepler Mission

• 13 June 2010-First sample return from asteroid (25143 Itokawa)Japan (JAXA)-Hayabusa

• 18 March 2011-First orbit of Mercury-USA (NASA)-MESSENGER

• 25 August 2012-First manmade probe in interstellar space.-USA (NASA)-Voyager 1

• 12 November 2014-First man-made probe to make a planned and soft landing on a comet (67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko).-ESA-Rosetta